运行时实例:
类与对象
//-----------------------------------------------------------
// MyClass.h
@interface MyClass : NSObject <NSCopying, NSCoding>
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray *array;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *string;
- (void)method1;
- (void)method2;
+ (void)classMethod1;
@end
//-----------------------------------------------------------
// MyClass.m
#import "MyClass.h"
@interface MyClass () {
NSInteger _instance1;
NSString * _instance2;
}
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSUInteger integer;
- (void)method3WithArg1:(NSInteger)arg1 arg2:(NSString *)arg2;
@end
@implementation MyClass
+ (void)classMethod1 {
}
- (void)method1 {
NSLog(@"call method method1");
}
- (void)method2 {
}
- (void)method3WithArg1:(NSInteger)arg1 arg2:(NSString *)arg2 {
NSLog(@"arg1 : %ld, arg2 : %@", arg1, arg2);
}
@end
//-----------------------------------------------------------
// main.h
#import "MyClass.h"
#import "MySubClass.h"
#import <objc/runtime.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
MyClass *myClass = [[MyClass alloc] init];
unsigned int outCount = 0;
Class cls = myClass.class;
// 类名
NSLog(@"class name: %s", class_getName(cls));
NSLog(@"==========================================================");
// 父类
NSLog(@"super class name: %s", class_getName(class_getSuperclass(cls)));
NSLog(@"==========================================================");
// 是否是元类
NSLog(@"MyClass is %@ a meta-class", (class_isMetaClass(cls) ? @"" : @"not"));
NSLog(@"==========================================================");
Class meta_class = objc_getMetaClass(class_getName(cls));
NSLog(@"%s's meta-class is %s", class_getName(cls), class_getName(meta_class));
NSLog(@"==========================================================");
// 变量实例大小
NSLog(@"instance size: %zu", class_getInstanceSize(cls));
NSLog(@"==========================================================");
// 成员变量
Ivar *ivars = class_copyIvarList(cls, &outCount);
for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
Ivar ivar = ivars[i];
NSLog(@"instance variable's name: %s at index: %d", ivar_getName(ivar), i);
}
free(ivars);
Ivar string = class_getInstanceVariable(cls, "_string");
if (string != NULL) {
NSLog(@"instace variable %s", ivar_getName(string));
}
NSLog(@"==========================================================");
// 属性操作
objc_property_t * properties = class_copyPropertyList(cls, &outCount);
for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
objc_property_t property = properties[i];
NSLog(@"property's name: %s", property_getName(property));
}
free(properties);
objc_property_t array = class_getProperty(cls, "array");
if (array != NULL) {
NSLog(@"property %s", property_getName(array));
}
NSLog(@"==========================================================");
// 方法操作
Method *methods = class_copyMethodList(cls, &outCount);
for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
Method method = methods[i];
NSLog(@"method's signature: %s", method_getName(method));
}
free(methods);
Method method1 = class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(method1));
if (method1 != NULL) {
NSLog(@"method %s", method_getName(method1));
}
Method classMethod = class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(classMethod1));
if (classMethod != NULL) {
NSLog(@"class method : %s", method_getName(classMethod));
}
NSLog(@"MyClass is%@ responsd to selector: method3WithArg1:arg2:", class_respondsToSelector(cls, @selector(method3WithArg1:arg2:)) ? @"" : @" not");
IMP imp = class_getMethodImplementation(cls, @selector(method1));
imp();
NSLog(@"==========================================================");
// 协议
Protocol * __unsafe_unretained * protocols = class_copyProtocolList(cls, &outCount);
Protocol * protocol;
for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {
protocol = protocols[i];
NSLog(@"protocol name: %s", protocol_getName(protocol));
}
NSLog(@"MyClass is%@ responsed to protocol %s", class_conformsToProtocol(cls, protocol) ? @"" : @" not", protocol_getName(protocol));
NSLog(@"==========================================================");
}
return 0;
}
//输出结果
动态创建类
Class cls = objc_allocateClassPair(MyClass.class, "MySubClass", 0);
class_addMethod(cls, @selector(submethod1), (IMP)imp_submethod1, "v@:");
class_replaceMethod(cls, @selector(method1), (IMP)imp_submethod1, "v@:");
class_addIvar(cls, "_ivar1", sizeof(NSString *), log(sizeof(NSString *)), "i");
objc_property_attribute_t type = {"T", "@\"NSString\""};
objc_property_attribute_t ownership = { "C", "" };
objc_property_attribute_t backingivar = { "V", "_ivar1"};
objc_property_attribute_t attrs[] = {type, ownership, backingivar};
class_addProperty(cls, "property2", attrs, 3);
objc_registerClassPair(cls);
id instance = [[cls alloc] init];
[instance performSelector:@selector(submethod1)];
[instance performSelector:@selector(method1)];
//输出
2014-10-23 11:35:31.006 RuntimeTest[3800:66152] run sub method 1
2014-10-23 11:35:31.006 RuntimeTest[3800:66152] run sub method 1
动态创建对象
id theObject = class_createInstance(NSString.class, sizeof(unsigned));
id str1 = [theObject init];
NSLog(@"%@", [str1 class]);
id str2 = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:@"test"];
NSLog(@"%@", [str2 class]);
//输出
2014-10-23 12:46:50.781 RuntimeTest[4039:89088] NSString
2014-10-23 12:46:50.781 RuntimeTest[4039:89088] __NSCFConstantString
实例操作函数
对象拷贝
NSObject *a = [[NSObject alloc] init];
id newB = object_copy(a, class_getInstanceSize(MyClass.class));
object_setClass(newB, MyClass.class);
object_dispose(a);
获取类定义（获取已注册类）
int numClasses;
Class * classes = NULL;
numClasses = objc_getClassList(NULL, 0);
if (numClasses > 0) {
classes = malloc(sizeof(Class) * numClasses);
numClasses = objc_getClassList(classes, numClasses);
NSLog(@"number of classes: %d", numClasses);
for (int i = 0; i < numClasses; i++) {
Class cls = classes[i];
NSLog(@"class name: %s", class_getName(cls));
}
free(classes);
}
成员变量、属性
关联对象
假定我们想要动态地将一个Tap手势操作连接到任何UIView中，并且根据需要指定点击后的实际操作。这时候我们就可以将一个手势对象及操作的block对象关联到我们的UIView对象中。这项任务分两部分。
首先，如果需要，我们要创建一个手势识别对象并将它及block做为关联对象。如下代码所示：
- (void)setTapActionWithBlock:(void (^)(void))block
{
UITapGestureRecognizer *gesture = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapGestureKey);
if (!gesture)
{
gesture = [[UITapGestureRecognizer alloc] initWithTarget:self action:@selector(__handleActionForTapGesture:)];
[self addGestureRecognizer:gesture];
objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapGestureKey, gesture, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);
}
objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapBlockKey, block, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY);
}
这段代码检测了手势识别的关联对象。如果没有，则创建并建立关联关系。同时，将传入的块对象连接到指定的key上。注意block对象的关联内存管理策略。
手势识别对象需要一个target和action，所以接下来我们定义处理方法：
- (void)__handleActionForTapGesture:(UITapGestureRecognizer *)gesture
{
if (gesture.state == UIGestureRecognizerStateRecognized)
{
void(^action)(void) = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapBlockKey);
if (action)
{
action();
}
}
}
设置属性
我们从服务端两个不同的接口获取相同的字典数据，但这两个接口是由两个人写的，相同的信息使用了不同的字段表示。我们在接收到数据时，可将这些数据保存在相同的对象中。对象类如下定义：
@interface MyObject: NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString * name;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString * status;
@end
接口A、B返回的字典数据如下所示：
@{@"name1": "张三", @"status1": @"start"}
@{@"name2": "张三", @"status2": @"end"}
通常的方法是写两个方法分别做转换，不过如果能灵活地运用Runtime的话，可以只实现一个转换方法，为此，我们需要先定义一个映射字典(全局变量)
static NSMutableDictionary *map = nil;
@implementation MyObject
+ (void)load
{
map = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
map[@"name1"] = @"name";
map[@"status1"] = @"status";
map[@"name2"] = @"name";
map[@"status2"] = @"status";
}
@end
上面的代码将两个字典中不同的字段映射到MyObject中相同的属性上，这样，转换方法可如下处理：
- (void)setDataWithDic:(NSDictionary *)dic
{
[dic enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:^(NSString *key, id obj, BOOL *stop) {
NSString *propertyKey = [self propertyForKey:key];
if (propertyKey)
{
objc_property_t property = class_getProperty([self class], [propertyKey UTF8String]);
// TODO: 针对特殊数据类型做处理
NSString *attributeString = [NSString stringWithCString:property_getAttributes(property) encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
...
[self setValue:obj forKey:propertyKey];
}
}];
}
方法和消息
消息转发 -
备用接收者
使用这个方法通常是在对象内部，可能还有一系列其它对象能处理该消息，我们便可借这些对象来处理消息并返回，这样在对象外部看来，还是由该对象亲自处理了这一消息。
@interface SUTRuntimeMethodHelper : NSObject
- (void)method2;
@end
@implementation SUTRuntimeMethodHelper
- (void)method2 {
NSLog(@"%@, %p", self, _cmd);
}
@end
#pragma mark -
@interface SUTRuntimeMethod () {
SUTRuntimeMethodHelper *_helper;
}
@end
@implementation SUTRuntimeMethod
+ (instancetype)object {
return [[self alloc] init];
}
- (instancetype)init {
self = [super init];
if (self != nil) {
_helper = [[SUTRuntimeMethodHelper alloc] init];
}
return self;
}
- (void)test {
[self performSelector:@selector(method2)];
}
- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
NSLog(@"forwardingTargetForSelector");
NSString *selectorString = NSStringFromSelector(aSelector);
// 将消息转发给_helper来处理
if ([selectorString isEqualToString:@"method2"]) {
return _helper;
}
return [super forwardingTargetForSelector:aSelector];
}
@end
这一步合适于我们只想将消息转发到另一个能处理该消息的对象上。但这一步无法对消息进行处理，如操作消息的参数和返回值。
完整消息转发
- (NSMethodSignature *)methodSignatureForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
NSMethodSignature *signature = [super methodSignatureForSelector:aSelector];
if (!signature) {
if ([SUTRuntimeMethodHelper instancesRespondToSelector:aSelector]) {
signature = [SUTRuntimeMethodHelper instanceMethodSignatureForSelector:aSelector];
}
}
return signature;
}
- (void)forwardInvocation:(NSInvocation *)anInvocation {
if ([SUTRuntimeMethodHelper instancesRespondToSelector:anInvocation.selector]) {
[anInvocation invokeWithTarget:_helper];
}
}
Method Swizzing
例如，我们想跟踪在程序中每一个view controller展示给用户的次数：当然，我们可以在每个view controller的viewDidAppear中添加跟踪代码；但是这太过麻烦，需要在每个view controller中写重复的代码。创建一个子类可能是一种实现方式，但需要同时创建UIViewController, UITableViewController, UINavigationController及其它UIKit中view controller的子类，这同样会产生许多重复的代码。
#import <objc/runtime.h>
@implementation UIViewController (Tracking)
+ (void)load {
static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
Class class = [self class];
// When swizzling a class method, use the following:
// Class class = object_getClass((id)self);
SEL originalSelector = @selector(viewWillAppear:);
SEL swizzledSelector = @selector(xxx_viewWillAppear:);
Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class, originalSelector);
Method swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class, swizzledSelector);
BOOL didAddMethod = class_addMethod(class,
originalSelector,
method_getImplementation(swizzledMethod),
method_getTypeEncoding(swizzledMethod));
if (didAddMethod) {
class_replaceMethod(class,
swizzledSelector,
method_getImplementation(originalMethod),
method_getTypeEncoding(originalMethod));
} else {
method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swizzledMethod);
}
});
}
#pragma mark - Method Swizzling
- (void)xxx_viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {
[self xxx_viewWillAppear:animated];
NSLog(@"viewWillAppear: %@", self);
}
在这里，我们通过method swizzling修改了UIViewController的@selector(viewWillAppear:)对应的函数指针，使其实现指向了我们自定义的xxx_viewWillAppear的实现。这样，当UIViewController及其子类的对象调用viewWillAppear时，都会打印一条日志信息。
上面的例子很好地展示了使用method swizzling来一个类中注入一些我们新的操作。当然，还有许多场景可以使用method swizzling，在此不多举例。